Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller Essay - 2193 Words

Arthur Miller writes a play, Death of a Salesman, about a man named Willy Loman, a traveling salesman, who is on a quest to live out a dream, one that many Americans had; to live a happy and affluent life without having to worry about day to day expenses and to not have any financial struggle. Willy worked hard at his job and has done so ever since he started working thirty plus years ago. As a salesman, he made a commission on the profits of which he was responsible, so his paycheck was largely dependent on the amount of sales he made each month. Mr. Loman was in his late sixties and had been working for the same company since he was a teenager. Still, after many years, Willy is trying to fulfill that childhood dream of his and is optimistic that it will soon come true. Willy had a wife and two sons, all of which were unemployed and reliant upon him, their husband and father, to bring home the money to pay for the various expenses they had. Although hopeful and confident, Willy was barely able to support his family and wouldn’t have been able to thus far without help from his friend and neighbor, Charlie. In his later years, the diligent salesman, still while wishing for a change, had come to terms with the predicament he was in. Willy became very aware of the situation and couldn’t stop pondering over the life he was living compared to the life he had once hoped for. The constant thinking and worrying led to Willy losing some of his sanity; talking to himself andShow MoreRelatedDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican play-write Arthur Miller, is undoubtedly Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949 at the time when America was evolving into an economic powerhouse. Arthur Miller critiques the system of capitalism and he also tells of the reality of the American Dream. Not only does he do these things, but he brings to light the idea of the dysfunctional family. Death of a Salesman is one of America’s saddest tragedies. In Arthur Miller’s, Death of a Salesman, three major eventsRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller888 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman† is a play written by Arthur Miller in the year 1949. The play revolves around a desperate salesman, Willy Loman. Loman is delusioned and most of the things he does make him to appear as a man who is living in his own world away from other people. He is disturbed by the fact that he cannot let go his former self. His wife Linda is sad and lonely; his youngest son Biff is presented as a swinger/player while his eldest son Happy appears anti-business and confused by the behaviorRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Ar thur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and theRead MoreDeath of Salesman by Arthur Miller972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Death of a Salesman by the playwright Arthur Miller, the use of names is significant to the characters themselves. Many playwrights and authors use names in their works to make a connection between the reader and the main idea of their work. Arthur Miller uses names in this play extraordinarily. Not only does Miller use the names to get readers to correlate them with the main idea of the play, but he also uses names to provide some irony to the play. Miller uses the meanings of someRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1628 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller wrote the Pulitzer Prize winning play Death of a Salesman in 1949 . The play inflated the myth of the American Dream of prosperity and recognition, that hard work and integrity brings, but the play compels the world to see the ugly truth that capitalism and the materialistic world distort honesty and moral ethics. The play is a guide toward contemporary themes foreseen of the twentieth century, which are veiled with greed, power, and betrayal. Miller’s influence with the play spreadRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller949 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman can be described as modern tragedy portraying the remaining days in the life of Willy Loman. This story is very complex, not only because of it’s use of past and present, but because of Willy’s lies that have continued to spiral out of control throughout his life. Arthur Miller puts a modern twist on Aristotle’s definition of ancient Greek tragedy when Willy Loman’s life story directly identifies the fatal flaw of the â€Å"American Dream†. Willy Loman’s tragic flaw can be recappedRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller846 Words   |  4 PagesA Dime a Dozen The Death of a Salesman is a tragedy written by playwright Arthur Miller and told in the third person limited view. The play involves four main characters, Biff, Happy, Linda, and Willy Loman, an ordinary family trying to live the American Dream. Throughout the play however, the family begins to show that through their endeavors to live the American Dream, they are only hurting their selves. The play begins by hinting at Willy’s suicidal attempts as the play begins with Linda askingRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller Essay2538 Words   |  11 PagesSurname 1 McCain Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date: Death of a Salesman Death of a salesman is a literature play written by American author Arthur Miller. The play was first published in the year 1949 and premiered on Broadway in the same year. Since then, it has had several performances. It has also received a lot of accordances and won numerous awards for its literature merit including the coveted Pulitzer for drama. The play is regarded by many critics as the perfectRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2081 Words   |  9 Pages#1 â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller is a tragedy, this play has only two acts and does not include scenes in the acts. Instead of cutting from scene to scene, there is a description of how the lighting focuses on a different place or time-period, which from there, they continue on in a different setting. The play doesn’t go in chronological order. A lot of the play is present in Willy’s flashbacks or memories of events. This provides an explanation of why the characters are acting a certainRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By Arthur Miller1475 Words   |  6 Pagesto death to achieve their so- called American dream. They live alone and there is no love of parents and siblings. They may have not noticed the America dream costs them so much, which will cause a bigger regret later. In the play Death of Salesman, Arthur Miller brings a great story of a man who is at very older age and still works hard to achieve his desire, which is the American dream. Later, he no tices that his youth is gone and there is less energy in his body. Willy Loman is a salesman, who

Natural Law And Human Law - 1515 Words

‘An unjust law cannot be a valid law’ In the light of Natural Law and Positivist theories, assess the accuracy of the above statement. Intro Natural law Natural Law Theory seeks to explain ‘Law’ as a phenomenon which in order to be valid must meet the standards of a ‘higher law’ based on morality. Natural law is so called because it is believed to exist independently of human will. It is ‘natural’ in the sense that it is not humanly created. Natural law theories are theories about the relation between the moral natural law and positive human law. Natural law theories vary in aims and content but they share one central idea: that there is a kind of higher (non-human) ‘law’, based on morality, against which the moral or legal validity of human law can be measured . There are two basic types of Natural Law Theory, those where the ‘higher law’ is set by God as revealed in scriptures (Theological) and those where the ‘higher law’ is based on morality discoverable through ‘reason’ (Secular). Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Socrates, Plato and Aristotle identified moral behaviour or thinking with justice. ‘The moral man was the just man and the moral state was the just state’. This causes an issue of what suffices a just person and a just state. Socrates (470-399 BC) Socrates argued that there were principles of morality which it was possible to discover through reason and man-made Law based on these principles would be the product of correct reasoning. Plato (428-348 BC) DevelopedShow MoreRelatedAquinas On Natural Law And Human Law1380 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Aquinas on Natural Law and Human Law† and â€Å"Aquinas on Happiness and the Kinds of Laws† by Thomas Aquinas and in â€Å"Utilitarianism† and â€Å"On Liberty† by John Stuart Mill they discuss their version of the ideal society that we should be living in. Aquinas asserts that all humans must strive to find happiness and God while Mill claims that the good life is one of maximizing pleasure that our society must help create. Aquinas thinks the common good is for all, while Mill does not think that everyoneRead MoreNatural Law Enforces Human Rights907 Words   |  4 PagesNatural Law enforces human rights. When we look at abortions laws we see between a legal system based on the legal theory of natural law the law that comes from God s nature and inherent right and wrong as He defines it furthermore a legal system based on legal positivism (law is derived f rom whatever man says is law - no inherent right and wrong). Prior to the turn of the 20th century, legal philosophy from whence laws were derived in the Western world was based upon a natural law theory. ARead MoreThe Natural Law Theory Of Human Nature954 Words   |  4 PagesIt is our human nature that makes us feel great when we get a job and makes us feel horrible for something we steal something. This is because it feels natural for us to feel that we did something right or wrong. The natural law theory tells us that an action is morally right if it is natural and an action is wrong if it is unnatural. This means that human morality comes from nature and has a purpose to live a good life. If someone’s actions are preventing them from making them live a good life,Read MoreNatural Law And The Preservation Of Human Life1301 Words   |  6 PagesNatural law and the Preservation of Human Life Donald J. Moore Webster University September 18, 2016 â€Æ' Natural Law and the Preservation of Human Life In order to address the scenarios in this assignment, one must define the when life begins. According to Thomas Aquinas God created the universe and all plants, animals and life of all types under the doctrine of External Law. Based on his vision, God instilled Natural Law in law to fulfill the parameters of External Law. Self-preservation is notRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas: the Human Law and Natural Law Debate1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human Law and Natural Law Debate Heather Saunders 250583261 Thomistic Philosophy 2214 Dr. Fox March 21, 2012 The Human Law and Natural Law Debate Are we naturally moral creatures? Do we always act towards the common good of others? I am positive that we do not, and in fact, as much as society wants to, we go against our morals and lead with our ‘feelings’. These feelings may feel right, but it doesn’t mean they will lead you in the right path to fulfil your ultimate end, true happiness. HitlerRead MoreNatural Law : The Human Conception Of Justice Or Moral Right1181 Words   |  5 PagesNatural law can be defined broadly as a philosophical belief that the human conception of justice or moral right is common to all humans and derived from nature. However it’s definition has been highly debated across history and therefore different definitions must be used as to not misinterpret the ideas and principles of different strains of thought within natural law (Boucher, 2009, P.19). It is also very important to distinguish how rights are understood in natural law, which is another contestedRead MoreGeorge Hobbes And Locke s Theories On Government, Human Nature, And Natural Law1661 Words   |  7 Pagesthat change their trajectory to land close to each other but not in the same place. Much is the same when comparing Hobbes’ and Locke’s theories on government, human nature, and natural law. Both may come to the same conclusion about the existence of natural laws and how that shapes human nature. However, they disagree on what the natural law would be comprised of. The same can be said for how differently they view the origins and role of governments. Hobbes would argue that governments are made fromRead MoreUniversalist Theory Of Universalism1237 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess. The justification for this rises from human nature, which is a shared vulnerability of suffering and demands universal reasoning. It also involves religion mandates and existing moral codes. It contrasts moral relativism, which claims that moral truths are relative to personal, historical, cultural , and social circumstances. There are three Universalist theories. They include Rationalism, Legalism, and Natural Lae. The focus of this discussion is Natural Lae. It is a moral theory that claims jurisprudenceRead MoreThe Theory Of Natural Law876 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of natural law in his works of the New Testament. In Paul makes use of the concept of natural law in his works of the New Testament. In Romans, the messages are written in such a way that they depict the idea of natural law, which can be attributed to God’s creation. This situation implies that natural law is directly linked to the laws that dictate the relationship between God and human beings as He created the world. These further shows that the laws are referred to as being natural becauseRead MoreThomas Aquinas And The Natural Law895 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is human law? In his â€Å"Summa Theologica† Aquinas explains that â€Å"It would seem that there is not a human law. For the natur al law is a participation of the eternal law.† Now through the eternal law all things are most orderly, as Augustine states (De Lib. Arb. i, 6). â€Å"Therefore, the natural law suffices for the ordering of all human affairs. Consequently, there is no need for a human law.† Aquinas explains that â€Å"Natural Law is a theory that says that there is an existence of a law that is

Integrative Research Qualitative Methodologies

Question: Discuss about the Integrative Research for Qualitative Methodologies. Answer: Introduction The objective of this paper is to critically analyze the quantitative and qualitative methodologies. For carrying out the qualitative research, from the rundown of research papers given, I have chosen Moderated guiding: A grounded theory of nursing practice in end-of-life care. For quantitative research technique, I have chosen the research paper, Fighting Like sibling and sister: Sibling Relationship and Future Adult Romantic Relationship Quality. For this paper, I will likewise analyse, compare and contrast the methodologies. I will quickly depict the components of each methodology and investigate them. I will dissect the strengths and weaknesses of each methodology. Quantitative Research Approach Quantitative research approach produces statistics using huge scale survey research, utilizing strategies, for example, surveys or questionnaires and structured interviews. Quantitative research helped in coming in contact with the participants as well as takes the feedback of a large number of people (Mertens, 2014). Quantitative examination tries to comprehend large number of individuals in ways that applies to a more extensive scope of settings (Mertens, 2014). This accentuation on generality likewise prompts the outflow of research questions as far as variables that regularly go about as components in dynamic models. Qualitative Research Approach Qualitative research has been depicted as a type of social request that spotlights in the way individuals decipher and comprehend their experiences and the world in which they live(Holloway, 1997). It alludes to a study procedure that explores an issue where the researcher leads the study in a characteristic setting and constructs an unpredictable investigation or analysis by method of rich depiction and clarifications, and in addition a cautious examination of data (Creswell, 2012). In spite of the fact that there are diverse methodologies inside the more extensive system of qualitative approach, the majority of these have the same point of comprehension the social reality of people, groups and societies. Denzin Lincoln, (1994) have noticed that qualitative approach includes an interpretive and naturalistic methodology. The authors have implied that qualitative analysts study things in their regular settings, endeavouring to comprehend, or to translate, marvels as far as the implications individuals convey to them. Comparing the Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approach Reichardt Cook, (1979) expressed in examination of the two types of research methodologies, that it alludes to various key elements in both research approaches. The comparison between Qualitative and Quantitative research approaches as indicated by three fundamental refinements. Qualitative approach is commonly inductive, subjective, and contextual while Quantitative exploration is commonly deductive, objective, and general. Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Induction Deduction Purposes Generates hypothesis from perceptions Oriented to revelation, investigation Purposes Tests hypothesis through perceptions Oriented to circumstances and end results Procedures Emergent plan Merges information gathering and investigation Procedures Predetermined outline Separate information accumulation and investigation Subjectivity Objectivity Purposes Emphasizes implications, interpretations Tries to comprehend others' points of view Purposes Emphasizes things that can be measured Results do not rely on upon convictions Procedures Researcher is included, close to the data Researcher is the "examination instrument" Procedures Researcher is disengaged, removed from the information Relies on institutionalized conventions Context Generality Purposes Emphasizes particular profundity and subtle element Analyses comprehensive frameworks Purposes Emphasizes speculation and replication Analyses variables Procedures Uses a naturalistic methodology Relies on a couple purposively picked cases Procedures Uses experimental and statistical controls Works over a huge number of cases Contrasting the Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approach Maxwell, (2012) stated that in the qualitative research approach there is a chance of knowing different angles of one subject, which can be inter-related with each other and are socially developed. Qualitative approach creates the hypothesis and the fundamental component of analysis. The research methodology of the qualitative research is unique and relies on the findings. It has been seen that in the quantitative examination approach there is only one implications of the topic, which is goal-oriented and independent. Quantitative research circumstances and end results connections are the bases of learning, tests hypothesis, fundamental component of investigation is numbers sum up and control of mistake. Conversely, between subjectivity and objectivity, quantitative research seeks after an arrangement of purposes connected with objectivity. This accentuation on objectivity ordinarily prompts a worry with separated estimation and an objective of minimizing your own effect. In qualitat ive research, the subjective exploration aims for significance and understandings additionally include close, individual contacts that use the researcher as the "instrument" for recording perceptions. The qualification between induction and deduction is a major distinction between qualitative and quantitative examination. Inductive method commonly begins with perceptions, which you then use to make hypothesis or create speculation. This inductive procedure starting with perceptions prompts objectives, for example, revelation and investigation. In quantitative exploration, the deductive reason starts with speculations and theory, which you assess through perceptions (Morgan, 2013). In context and generality, qualitative research commonly looks at particular circumstances or sets of individuals top to bottom and detail. Furthermore, this methodology regularly depends on all encompassing methodology that looks at whatever number of the applicable components as could be expected under t he circumstances. Qualitative research creates systematic understanding of all encompassing frameworks through naturalistic studies with moderately little quantities of cases. Strengths and weaknesses of Quantitative and Qualitative research approach Qualitative Research Approach Quantitative Research Approach Strengths Rich and comprehensive Focuses on lived experience, set in its connection Interprets individual's perspectives and stories View of homogenous investigation Raise more issues through wide and open-ended request Understanding practices of values, beliefs and presumptions Provides singular case data Data in light of individual's own classifications of importance Useful for portraying complex marvels Strengths Reliability by basic examined Short time period for regulated survey Facilitated numerical information for groups and degrees of concur or differ from respondents Useful for studying vast number of individuals Provide exact, quantitative, numerical information Less time consuming for the analysis of data Research results are moderately independent of the analyst Weaknesses No objectivity confirm result The requirement of interviewers being skilful Time consuming during interviewing procedure and concentrated class process Difficult to make quantitative forecasts More difficult to test theory and speculations with vast member pools Knowledge delivered may not sum up to other individuals or settings Weaknesses No human observation and convictions Lack of resources for substantial scale research No profundity experience depiction Researcher's classifications that are utilized may not reflect local understandings Theories utilized may not reflect local understanding Knowledge delivered may be excessively conceptual and general for direct application to nearby circumstances and the people Fails to give an inside and out portrayal of the experience of disaster Introduction Paradigms are considered the lenses through which one can see the social world and it can be seen diversely as far as presumptions, values and interests (Cohen, Manion, Morrison, 2013). In addition to that, Lincoln, Lynham, Guba, (2011) keep up that paradigm is an arrangement of basic beliefs. It shows the world perspective and the way of the world itself, the individual's position and the conceivable connections in the world. A researcher's paradigm can vary on the premise of ontology (the nature of reality), epistemology (the nature of learning) axiology (the qualities connected with zones of exploration and speculating), or approach (systems for collecting and analysing information (Nuttin, 2014). In any case, paradigms are utilized as methods for categorising and grouping research. Positivist Paradigm Positivism started by Auguste Comte in the nineteenth century (Lather, 2006, January) and declares a determinist and empiricist reasoning, where causes decide impacts, and intends to straightforwardly watch, quantitatively measure and foresee connections between variables (Hammersley, 2009). I accept that social marvels, similar to objects in normal science, can be dealt with similarly. Positivism paradigm is infrequently likewise alluded to as a realist or practical paradigm accept that a solitary genuine reality as of now exist 'out there' and is holding up to be found. Positivists trust that the truth is steady and can be watched and portrayed from a target viewpoint (Livesey, 2006), that is, without meddling with the phenomenon being examined. They believe that the marvels ought to be confined and that perceptions ought to be repeatable. (Weber, March 2004) expressed "Positivism" has a long and rich recorded convention. Interpretivism Paradigm Cohen, Manion, Morrison, (2013), as referred to in Rombo, (2007), said that interpretive paradigm has been considered as a more extensive wording and lenses, which one could disclose the social phenomenon for examination. From an interpretive perspective which is likewise termed constructivist or constructionist-the truth is 'not out there, which an analyst can obviously clarify, depict, or translate into a research report. Alternatively, it might happen that both reality and information are built and repeated through, correspondence, connection and practice. The interpretive paradigm focuses on how individuals comprehend their lives and how their feeling of self creates in association with others. Comparison between Positive and Interpretivism paradigm Ponterotto, (2005) considers positivism to be setting emphasis on the presumption that there is one genuine reality, the supposition that the researcher and participant are independent and the suspicion that there is no spot for values in research. Interpretivism considers reality to be numerous developed subjectivity realities affected by the connection and the communication between the researcher and the participant with the specialist recognizing and endeavouring to section his or her own values and their impact on knowing. Positivism One genuine reality Researcher and participant are independent No place for values in exploration The talk of presentation is objective Quantitative methods Interpretivism Reality-multiple built subjective realities. Communication between the researcher and the participant Researcher to section his or her values and their impact on knowing The talk of presentation is subjective and alerts around subjectivity Mainly Qualitative methods Strengths and Weaknesses of Positivist and Interpretivism paradigm Positivism Gives legitimacy and objectivity to a research It depends on exact strategies and can bolster a research with statistical and objective data Lack of in depth knowledge of a context "You can't capture the full abundance of the individuals and environments" (Creswell, 2012) Deterministic view, individuals are social (Weber , 1990) Interpretivism Gives you alternatives, distinctive perspectives, and this is "healthy" for society (Denzin Lincoln, 1994) You can have admittance to various parts of reality The individual is an "active agent" (Weber, 1990) Difficulty to recognize right or off-base. "Anything goes" (Fowler Jr, 2013) Anything could be just guaranteed with no acceptance of information or scientific methodology Conclusion To finish up, I have learnt that both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are very important in a research. I have understood that both the methodologies are helpful; circumstances and it will be good idea to combine the methodologies as they give better and accurate results. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies play an equivalent part, particularly in research, and may likewise influence each other. As a postgraduate understudy, I have learnt both methodologies are pertinent in light of the fact that they drive people to the similar conclusions. I consider both exploration methodologies are helpful, yet it relies on upon the objective of the examination. The advantage of positivism is that, the positivist stay segregated from the members of the research by making a separation, which is essential in remaining emotionally neutral to clarify qualifications between reason and feeling (Lincoln, Lynham, Guba, 2011). The positivism paradigm is likewise reprimanded of this issue of isolating the researcher from what is being looked into. The disadvantage of positivism is that positivism paradigm does not have place for values in the research. The disadvantage implies the positivist does not have esteem nor have any appreciation of the values and beliefs of the members in the examination. I support the fact as a future analyst and I cannot attempt any research here in New Zealand without recognizing the estimations of the 'tangta whenua' (Maori) The disadvantage of interpretivism paradigm is that it does not permit generalisation since it energizes the investigation of little number of cases that does not apply to the entire population. The advantage of interpretivism paradigm is that analyst attempting to section his or her own values and their impact on knowing. As a postgraduate understudy, I would tend to support the interpretive methodology. The research that interests me is prone to be connected to regions that I am acquainted with and along these lines; it is plausible that I would be an impact in the research procedure. References Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2013).Research methods in education. Routledge. Creswell, J. W. (2012).Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (1994).Handbook of qualitative research. Sage Publications, Inc. Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013).Survey research methods. Sage publications. Holloway, I. (1997).Basic concepts for qualitative research. Wiley-Blackwell. Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm proliferation as a good thing to think with: Teaching research in education as a wild profusion.International journal of qualitative studies in education,19(1), 35-57. Lincoln, Y. S., Lynham, S. A., Guba, E. G. (2011). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences, revisited.The Sage handbook of qualitative research,4, 97-128. Livesey, C. (2006). The relationship between Positivism Imterpretivism and Sociological Reserch Methods.As Sociology for AQA. Maxwell, J. A. (2012).Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach. Sage. Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. Sage Publications. Morgan, D. L. (2013).Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: A pragmatic approach. Sage publications. Nuttin, J. (2014).Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Ponterotto, J. G. (2005). Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science.Journal of counseling psychology,52(2), 126. Rombo, J. L. (2007). School cultural features and practices that influence inclusive education in Papua New Guinea: A consideration of schools in Southern Highlands province.Unpublished Masters Thesis, The University of Waikato. School of Education, Hamilton, New Zealand. Weber, R. (2004). Editor's comments: the rhetoric of positivism versus interpretivism: a personal view.MIS quarterly, iii-xii. Weber, R. P. (1990).Basic content analysis(No. 49). Sage.

Plutus Payroll-Case Study-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Disucss about the: 1.The corporate veil 2. Piercing the corporate veil 3. Director duties Answer: Plutus payroll is an Australian company which was so far used by larger organizations in Australia to pay the contractors on roll or to pay the people who were working as freelance workers. The company (Plutus payroll) on the other hand was owned by Synep in which the son of deputy tax commissioner (ATO) was both a secretary and director. 1.The corporate veil Issue The issue revolves around the status of the Plutus Payroll as a separate entity. Rule The concept of corporate veil was entrenched in the English company law. In the case of Salomon vs. A Salomon Co. Ltd (1897) the English upper house has decided that once a company is formed based on whatever means the company would be regarded for all purpose a separate entity in the eyes of legal parlance and existence of such an entity cant be questioned1. A company established under legal provisions would run as a separate entity different from those people or members and shareholders who have formed the company and thus a legal entity would emerge on its own to undertake legal business activities2. However, a company being a non-natural person -would not be able to run itself and thus it would need the help of natural persons to run its affairs for all practical purpose. Even though the law allows the judicial person to own assets in its own name the same would be signed by natural persons acting as directors etc. on behalf of the company under the seal of the company. As a res ult, a company can be capable of suing others for misconduct and other persons dealing with a company can also sue a company in case of a dispute and misconduct3. Footnotes: Hannigan, B. (2017). Company Law (4th ed.). London: Oxfrd foundation. Worthington, S. (2016). Sealy Worthington's Text, Cases, and Materials in Company Law (11th ed.). Brighton: Oxford University Press. French, D. (2016). Company Law (Thirty-fourth edition ed.). London: Oxford University Press. Application In the case of Lee v. Lees Air Farming Ltd (1961) the court held that a person can act in dual capacity if there is a valid and legal contract between the company and the worker concerned and thus allowed a single person to act as am employee and a director. The gist of the case was that a company once registered as a company under the relevant provisions of the act would have all the powers to act as a separate entity for all legally applied purpose4. Salomon Co Ltd was a duly registered company under the relevant provisions of Companies Act 1862 of United Kingdom and form the case the followings have emerged: a company would have all the rights as natural person in owning its separate properties. a company would also have the right to incur debts and issue debts in the market on its own and it would solely be liable for its own debts5. A company would be allowed to make contracts with employees of the company and outsiders as well which was reasserted in the case of Lee v. Lees Air Farming Ltd (1961). Because a company is regarded as a separate entity or judicial person it would can commit crimes and torts. Conclusion Thus, it is quite clear that while the ruling in the case of Salomon v. A Salomon Co. Ltd (1897) provided the legal sanctity to the companies, the same also provided a legal option of trying to ascertain if the companies are doing their activities legally or they have engaged themselves in illegal activities which has been prohibited under provisions of other laws of the state. If it is ever found that the companies concerned have been engaged in illegal and other activities which are not endorsed by law the real activities of a company like Plutus payroll can be checked thoroughly for breach of law6. Thus, it can be said that Plutus payroll being a registered entity in Australia enjoyed the privilege of being a corporate entity and thus also enjoyed the concept of separate legal entity as endorsed in the above case settlements beforehand. Footnotes: Bredeson, D. A. (2013). Business law and the Legal environment . Chicago: south western Cengage Learning. Taylor, C. (2016). Company Law - Law Express (4th ed.). london: Pearson Education Limited. Roach, L. (2017). Company law- Guide and Revision (4th ed.). Leicester: Oxford University Press. 2.Piercing the corporate veil Issue The issue is to find whether the corporate veil shall be lifted for the Plutus payroll company to see the real operations undertaken by the company. Rule Thus, a company being considered a separate entity form those who comprises of the same would have the authority to undertake such actions which would be deemed to be necessary to run the activities and achieve the goals of the company(Taylor, 2016). However, a company being a non-natural person (company is regarded as a judicial entity only) would not be able to run itself and thus it would need the help of natural persons to run its affairs for all practical purpose. Because the company depends upon the human help, the same can be undertaken with dubious intentions sometimes and thus it would be necessary in such cases to look beyond the veil in which the company acts and operates to separate the goals and real activities form each other. If it is found that the actual activities of the company involve anything which defeats the purpose of the law then the company can be prosecuted and liquidated(shepherd, 2016). The lifting of corporate evil can be done in the following cases: The veil of a company can be lifted by the state for protecting revenue of the state. Thus a companys veil of being a separate entity can be lifted if its suspected of being used as means of evading taxes as proved in the case of Adams V Cape Industries Plc ,1990 and DHN Food Distributors Ltd V Tower Hamlets London Borough,1976.Corporate veil can also be lifted to determine if the company concerned is a case of being an enemy company which means the company is being run by people who are citizens of another country which is at war with Australia. Footnotes Hargovan, J. H. (2014). Australian Corporate Law. Melbourne: Lexis Nexis. Howard, L. (2013). Corporaete law and cases. UNSC LAW Journal, 24(2), 34-42. The corporate veil of the entity can also be lifted to find out if the entity has been operating in a manner so as to avoid its legal obligations. The corporate veil of the company being a separate entity can be lifted in circumstances under which it is suspected that the company is being run in a manner to defraud the respective state and the government in general and is actually sham institution as seen in the case of Gilford motor co v Horne ltd (1933)9. Application Plutus payroll was one of those legitimate payroll companies in Australia which undertook payroll duties and was used by many larger companies in Australia for paying contractors and freelance workers. Plutus accepted funds from over a few dozen companies to pay the contractors of the respective companies. The payments were then transferred to 7 tier 2 or those companies which were sub-contracted by Plutus. These tier 2 companies then processed the payments to the concerned contractors. It was found that the tier 2 companies (sub-contracted companies) were run by people who were acting as directors has very little idea or knew nothing about these companies. The operations of these companies were run by members of crime syndicates in Australia10. These tier two companies were paying the contractors of the client companies these companies were required to submit the PAYG taxes to the Australian tax office (acting on behalf of the client companies). The tax authorities found that the tier 2 companies were paying the Australian tax office only a small portion and deflating and hiding the balance of the due tax. The balance of the due taxes was cleverly siphoned off by the crime syndicate members to their own accounts and otherwise for being used for personal gain. Some of the companies which were used to transfer illegitimate payments were found to be present in the same building and run by fictitious persons11. Footnotes Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2014). Corporaiton Law in Australia (2nd ed.). Melbourne: The Federaiton Press. Harris, J. (2015). Company Law: Theories, Principles and Applications (2nd ed.). Sydney: lexis-Nexis. Kraakman, R., Armour, J. (2017). Anatomy of Corporate LAw-A functional apporach. London: oxford University press. Because of this discovery the accounts of the Plutus payroll was suspended by the Australian tax office and the same caused non-payments complaints from thousands of contractors or freelance workers engaged in the IT sector. Thousands of complaints later action was taken Australian tax office which found the son of the deputy tax commissioners involved in running of the company (Plutus payroll) and working both as a director and employee (secretary)12. It is believed that a private equity firm SYNEP was the owner of the firm Plutus Payroll and the company was chaired by Adam Cranston who was found to be the son of ATO deputy commissioner Michael Cranston. These revelations have brought the questions of law into operation which must be used to lift the corporate veil surrounding the existence of and operations of Plutus payroll. Conclusion The management of the Plutus payroll have been engaged in the business operations in a manner which is contrary to the legal provisions of the Australian corporation Act, 2001 ad others and the activities are believed to have been carried in manner to defraud the Australian government. There exists enough evidence of suggesting fraudulent activities being carried in the name of a maze of companies and tier -2 operatives in the name of Plutus payroll company13. Thus, there is enough reason to believe that Plutus was arranged in the manner which was discovered has been carried out with sole intention of avoiding paying taxes and enriching personal coffers of some of these involved in the payment of payroll and those people are the people who bankrolled Plutus in the first place. Thus, it becomes the duty of the ATO and other legal departments to lift the veil of the Plutus Payroll and find out how the operations were carried by the management and under what pretext. The true facts would only emerge only when the corporate evil is taken off and investigations bring out the true operators behind the fraudulent behavior14. Footnotes Croese, J. H. (2016). CORPORATE AND COMMERCIAL LAW (2nd ed.). Melbourne: CCH Austrlalia. Dignam, A., Lowry, J. (2015). Company Law (9th ed.). London : Oxford university Press . Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2014). Corporaiton Law in Australia (2nd ed.). Melbourne: The Federaiton Press 3.Director duties Issue The issue is to find out if the directors of the Plutus Payroll acted within legal sanctions. Rule Directors of any company would be expected to company with the internal regulations of the company and exercise their powers only in the direction for which they were authorized. Directors are in fact stand in a fiduciary position which means the directors cant use the position in which they were in for their own benefit Towers v Premier Waste Management Ltd[2011] and must use the power to make sure they work for the overall benefit of the shareholders and the employees of the company. Under s180(1) the directors involved must also use due care and diligence in doing their duty. The same has been established in the case of (ASIC) v Cassimatis (No. 8) [2016] FCA 1023 where the directors were found to be in breach of their duty to undertake acts with due care and diligence15. Application The directors of Plutus has had the primary duty of paying the payrolls of the contractors on behalf of tis clients and there is no known reason to know why the same operations were transferred to the sub-contractors in the first place16. Conclusion It was the duty of the Plutus management to oversee the payment operations went on smoothly and make sure payments are done in a timely manner when they have sub-contracted the payment work to others. Tax deductions would have been made by Plutus and not the sub-contractors and the same should have be complied with by the management of the Plutus payroll itself17. Thus, there is enough reason to believe that the directors of the Plutus payroll violated established principles and were explicitly involved in diversion of funds with an intention to avoid payment of taxes18. Footnotes Armour, J. (2015). Essential Corporate Law. London: oxford University press. Beatty, J. F. (2013). Business Law and Leagal Environment (6th ed.). Newyork: South Western Cengage Learning. Stephen, B. (2015). Foundations of Taxation Law (5th ed.). Melbourne: CCH Australia Limited. Coleman, K. S. (2016). Principles of taxation law (6th ed.). Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters. Bibliography Armour, J. (2015). Essential Corporate Law. London: oxford University press. Beatty, J. F. (2013). Business Law and Leagal Environment (6th ed.). Newyork: South Western Cengage Learning. Bredeson, D. A. (2013). Business law and the Legal environment . Chicago: south western Cengage Learning. coleman, K. S. (2016). Principles of taxation law (6th ed.). Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters. Croese, J. H. (2016). CORPORATE AND COMMERCIAL LAW (2nd ed.). Melbourne: CCH Austrlalia. Dignam, A., Lowry, J. (2015). Company Law (9th ed.). London : Oxford university Press . French, D. (2016). Company Law (Thirty-fourth edition ed.). London: Oxford University Press. Hannigan, B. (2017). Company Law (4th ed.). London: Oxfrd foundation. Hargovan, J. H. (2014). Australian Corporate Law. Melbourne: Lexis Nexis. Harris, J. (2015). Company Law: Theories, Principles and Applications (2nd ed.). Sydney: lexis-Nexis. Howard, L. (2013). Corporaete law and cases. UNSC LAW Journal, 24(2), 34-42. Kraakman, R., Armour, J. (2017). Anatomy of Corporate LAw-A functional apporach. London: oxford University press. Roach, L. (2017). Company law- Guide and Revision (4th ed.). Leicester: Oxford University Press. shepherd, c. (2016). Key Cases: Company Law - Key Cases (3rd ed.). BRIGHTON: aylor Francis Ltd. Stephen, B. (2015). Foundations of Taxation Law (5th ed.). Melbourne: CCH Australia Limited. Taylor, C. (2016). Company Law - Law Express (4th ed.). london: Pearson Education Limited. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2014). Corporaiton Law in Australia (2nd ed.). Melbourne: The Federaiton Press. Worthington, S. (2016). Sealy Worthington's Text, Cases, and Materials in Company Law (11th ed.). Brighton: Oxford University Press.

Basics of Crime Analysis free essay sample

It is important the data be collected within a reasonably short time from incident. Data is collected and stored for several years so that a thorough analysis can be reached. The next step in the Crime Analysis Process is data collation. Data collation involves many tasks but normally involves three steps: correcting mistakes, coding (combining crime analysis data with geographical data), and creation of new variables (using and comparing old and new data). Once the data has been collected, corrected and updated the analyst then begins the analysis. During the analysis, the analyst looks for patterns and trends In crime.They look at what crimes are being committed, where they are being committed and who Is committing them. Once the analysis Is completed, the analyst Is ready to report their findings. This Is the dissemination step of the Crime Analysis Process. Methods of dissemination can include paper reports and maps, presentations, emails, internet documents, and phone calls. We will write a custom essay sample on Basics of Crime Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The audience for crime analysis information include: police officers, police management, citizens, students, other analysts and the news media. (Boob, 12) The final step in the process is feedback.Once results have been disseminated, the analyst receives feedback from the individuals to whom they provided the information. Analyst may receive feedback about the quality of particular analysis or reports, about the nature of the data analyzed or about the usefulness of their analysis for decision making. (Boob, 13) There are five types of Crime Analysis: Intelligence Analysis, Criminal Investigative Analysis, Tactical Crime Analysis, Strategic Crime Analysis and Administrative Crime Analysis. Intelligence Analysis, also referred o as the study of organized crime, typically uses data collected by various types of surveillance.Most of the information used in Intelligence Analysis comes from law enforcement rather than citizens. Criminal Investigative Analysis is a specific type of crime analysis most commonly used on the federal level of law enforcement. This type of analysis is often referred to as profiling and is used to determine patterns of serial crimes. Tactical Crime Analysis focuses on crimes that are happening at the time. This type of crime analysis provides insight to immediate crime issues and tatters. It can provide law enforcement with investigative leads and insight to where crime Is happening.This type of analysis compares criminal activity, time, date, location and other types of information. Strategic Crime Analysis Is the study of crime problems and other police-related Issues to determine long-term patterns of activity as well as to evaluate police responses and organizational procedures. The findings of strategic crime analysts research and evaluation of police responses to Crime Analysis is sometimes referred to as operational analysis because it deals with he operations of police agencies and not the nature of crime problems and patterns. Boob, 15) Administrative Crime Analysis is different from other types of crime analysis. The main focus of Administrative Crime Analysis is deciding what information to present and how to present it. Goals of Crime Analysis include: apprehending criminals, preventing crime, reducing disorder and evaluating organizational procedures. The main goal of Crime Analysis is to apprehend criminals. With the help of crime analyst, law enforcement officers have access to a database of information on known criminals.When a crime is reported a crime analyst may be able to tell officers if there is a known offender in the area that fits the description of the subject they are trying to find. Another goal of Crime Analysis is preventing crime. Through data collected and stored, analyst are able to tell law enforcement officers where, as well as, what crimes are happening and the time of day the crime most frequently occur. Such information can help agencies determine where they need to be patrolling, when they need to be patrolling and also the umber of officers needed in a specific area.The third goal of crime analysis is to reduce disorder. Crime analysis can assist with these efforts by providing research and analysis of disorder indicators such as traffic accidents, noise complaints, or trespass warnings that can assist officers in addressing these issues before they become a more serious problem. (Boob, 1 1) The fourth goal of crime analysis is to evaluate organizational procedures. Analysts use data to determine the effectiveness of the law enforcement agency. They can also determine staffing needs.

Analysis Term Paper

Analysis Term Paper Analysis Term Paper Analysis Term Paper: How to Write It Critical assessment of the text under consideration is the main aim of any analysis term paper. The items, which can fall under analysis, are endless in their amount to start from the text itself, to proceed with some of the images the present text depicts, to conclude with the main concept of the text. This very analysis is made in thorough and academic manner, which helps to study the object under consideration in a very detailed way. Critical thinking is a proper way to lead the analysis while you are writing analysis term papers. If you do not have critical thinking skills, the only way for you to get them is to read different analysis term papers and some other articles, which provide the analysis of some of the literary items. Goal of Analysis Term Paper Writing The main goal of any analysis term paper is to discover how the object under consideration operates and behaves itself through the whole text, whether it remains the same or u ndergoes some particular changes. However, you do not only have to enumerate all the changes, but also to analyze why all these changes are taking place. To write a successful analysis term paper, a student should be very attentive to any detail, should be able to analyze the item in the objective way, without showing his or her own attitude to the written item. Because of this, analysis term paper is considered to be one of the most difficult academic pieces of paper. Analysis Term Paper Thesis Statement Thesis statement is that one to build up a successful essay that is why while creating your analysis term paper thesis you should be very careful and creative at one and the same time. Thesis should discloses the main idea of your analysis term paper; with the help of this very analysis term paper thesis the readers should get to know what is going to be analyzed in your analysis term paper and how this very item is going to be analyzed. Get Professional Help with Analysis Ter m Paper Writing! If you face any difficulties while writing your analysis term paper, you are welcome to visit our site and find all the necessary information, which will help you to get rid of these difficulties. If you fail to find the answers at our site, you can always contact our representatives who work for you twenty for hours a day and set these questions to them. They will help you to solve all your problems concerning analysis term paper writing with great pleasure.

Netflix and Direct TV Case Study Research Paper

Netflix and Direct TV Case Study - Research Paper Example These generic strategies include cost leadership, differentiation and cost focus. Netflix has managed to woo customers over the years; for instance, it offers free trial membership to its new customers, which enables customers to try out its services. Differentiation Strategy Netflix has managed to maintain its market share via achieving a competitive advantage. This was the first company to break the norm of driving to a movie store to purchase a movie, therefore attaining a first mover advantage (Noise between stations, 2007). Other companies like Blockbuster required an individual to drive all the way to the stores to purchase or rent a movie, although this company followed in the footsteps of Netflix, shortly after. Therefore, due to technology in this industry, customers can now select from thousands of movies online and choose their favorite. In addition, customers enjoy movie shopping from the comfort of their homes or offices. The growth of online sales has contributed to the success of Netflix; indeed, over the years, the company does not charge its customers for movie return delays, unlike Blockbuster. This differentiation strategy enables Netflix to be unique compared to its rival competitors; customers are attracted to a business that caters for their needs effectively compared to other businesses. Netflix’s Target Customers Netflix targets all levels of customers by implementing a subscription plan, which enables clients to subscribe to their preferred plan. This is an added advantage to the company as all levels of customers are catered for, therefore ensuring that customers receive the best services at affordable prices. Netflix Rivals and Threats Posed In an industry, competition is evident either from existing businesses or from new entries in the market. According to the New York Times (2007), netflix experienced a heavy blow of loses due to the stiff competition from Blockbuster, which had implemented a total access program that enable d customers to swap a rented movie online for an in store movie. This strategy enabled Blockbuster to attract Netflix’s customers. DIRECTV is another rival competitor, which provides direct broadcast satellite, and delivers exemplary video experience at a much cheaper price, hence posing a threat to Netflix (form 10K, 2010, p.2). Fig 1. The competition analysis of Netflix and Blockbuster (2007) Netflix and Direct TV Netflix and Direct TV companies are seeking a competitive advantage in their operating industry; hence, they have different strategies of achieving their success. Direct TV aims at delivering the best services at all times and in any place; the company is emphasizing on quality video experience and targets the entire American population, especially with the popularity of DVRs. They are working towards breaking the norm of watching television only at home, therefore working towards introducing television and video experience any time and anywhere. Movie packages Di rect TV is a threat to Netflix, since it is competing for the same market, therefore, customers can either choose to use either of the two companies’ services, to easily access entertainment. Both companies offer services at a specific monthly fee; Direct TV offers four television packages in English language, with the minimal packager

Trade relations between India and China from the beginning to 1500 AD Essay

Trade relations between India and China from the beginning to 1500 AD - Essay Example The aim of this research paper is to investigate the history of India-China trade relations from ancient times till sixteenth century. There were several trade centers which served as essential commercial transactions between the two countries. The important trade centers in India were Puskalavati, Taxila, Tamralipti, Kanchi, etc. Puskalavati is considered to be the first gateway of ancient India and was the most significant commercial mart because it contributed actively in commercial transaction between India and China in the first century A.D. During the period of Sakas and Kusanas, trade between India and China was done through Puskalavati. Taxila was the hub of international trade and was essential trade route between India and Central Asia (Shaffer, 123). It also assisted western traders in their trade with China. Chinese merchants used to come to Kanchi through foreign ships to buy pearls, glass, precious stones and other Indian products and exchanged gold and silver. Tamralipti was another important port in Bengal which carried trade links with China (Shaffer, 129). Canton was the essential Chinese city whi ch had established trade links in India. Other important trade links between China and India included Ping-Yang and Kwi-Yang. Trade relations between the two countries existed during the Madagh-Maurya era of fifth and sixth centuries B.C. The Gupta period further proves it. Sixth Century BC indicates the fundamental period in Chinese history because the State of Tsin had introduced important amendments in economic and political fields (Eberhard, 34). This had increased the commercial relationship between India through land routes. During sixth century B.C, India and China took advantage of the trade opportunities that existed. The Indian muslin silk cloth had captured the international market which also helped to popularize the Chinese silk. Great demands for Chinese silk from all over the world came and

International Information and E-Business Strategies Assignment

International Information and E-Business Strategies - Assignment Example In fact, the e-supply chain involves the integration or mixing of e-billing systems, e-procurement systems, and other tools related to e-business. It allows for the enhancement of the company, distributors, and suppliers’ ability to manage their specifications, costs, quantity, and delivery time of products with more productivity automatically. E-SCM is a business process driven by software, in which there is collaboration between suppliers and retailers to give the end customer the best value, as well as to reduce costs (Aka?Li 2011, p. 55). Advanced software solutions and the internet enhance SCM partnering benefits where, through SCM collaboration, the suppliers are able to access retailer logistics and inventory data to meet inventory demands and respond to customized orders efficiently. By developing and using E-SCM, Coimbra Company will have the ability to co-ordinate warehousing and delivery, and improve their reliability and speed to their distributors and improving co mpetitive advantage (Weele 2010, p. 83). By deciding on the development and building of a platform for e-commerce, Coimbra Company has been building on its B2B and B2C platforms. During the period that Coimbra will build its B2C platform, it will apply e-commerce in its discount stores, specialty stores, and supermarkets. B2B e-supply chain management will also be built step by step and will become the keystone in the development of e-supply chain management development in the future. Coimbra will use some strategies in its implementation of e-supply chain management, for example, through ensuring it has good relationships with suppliers and customers with the latter being covered through CRM. Through... By developing and using E-SCM, Coimbra Company will have the ability to co-ordinate warehousing and delivery, and improve their reliability and speed to their distributors and improving competitive advantage (Weele 2010, p. 83). By deciding on the development and building of a platform for e-commerce, Coimbra Company has been building on its B2B and B2C platforms. During the period that Coimbra will build its B2C platform, it will apply e-commerce in its discount stores, specialty stores, and supermarkets. B2B e-supply chain management will also be built step by step and will become the keystone in the development of e-supply chain management development in the future. Coimbra will use some strategies in its implementation of e-supply chain management, for example, through ensuring it has good relationships with suppliers and customers with the latter being covered through CRM. Through the application of advanced technologies into their IT management, in which all members of their ch ain of supply can acquire the most recent raw data to enable them to co-ordinate plans, while also offering timely information that will better satisfy the demands from their partners.  By sharing information through their e-SCM with their trade partners, Coimbra and their partners can depend on one another and allows them to be more cooperative and collaborative. By integrating their supply chain and customer relationship management, Coimbra can offer gifts to customers and adjust advice and complaints in a timely fashion.

Aspirin: History, Effects and Synthesis

Aspirin: History, Effects and Synthesis Introduction Aspirin is a drug which is widely used today to deal with the symptoms of many minor illnesses ranging from general relief from aches and pain; muscle, tooth, headaches, and arthritis; to prevent blood clotting and reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack; lower fever and potentially prevent certain cancers. History of Discovery Aspirin has a great history of development which could be considered to have begun in the 3000BC where it was recorded that remedies from the willow tree were the most useful for the treatment of many ailments. Though it was not for another 1500 years that it was more specifically noted in the Elbers papyrus for its usage for pain relief and inflammation. For the next few thousands of year the willow tree bark was used for in much the same way, although it would not be until 1828, 4800 years after the discovery of its usefulness, that the active ingredient of willow bark was isolated by the German chemist Joseph Buchner who managed to obtain salicin, from the latin Salix, crystals. At the time the crystals were considered fairly pure but Henri Leroux, of France, managed to obtain them in purer forms a year later. Several other chemists/pharmacists made discoveries in the years following, all of which we now know contained Salicylic Acid. It was the Italian Chemist Raffaele Piria who managed to devise a method of containing a more concentrated acid form of salicin from the willow extract, which he named Salicylic Acid (SA). After these discoveries the usage of Salicylates, esters and salts of salicylic acid, became more widespread by doctors for treating pain, fever and inflammation but with limited success due to adverse side effects such as gastric irritation to the lining of the mouth and stomach. It was not until around 1897 that Felix Hoffmann of Bayer Pharmaceuticals developed a method of synthesising acetyl salicylic acid after he had be tasked to find a substitute to SA, that did not cause gastric irritation, 4 years earlier; by Eichengrunalong with Dreser(the pharmacist who developed heroin). Early clinical trials found aspirin to be a potent treatment and today it is the best known and most widely use medicine in the world where it is estimated that over 100 billion tablets or 40,000 tonnes are consumed each year. Unsurprisingly shortly after clinical trials finished acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) became the over the counter drug under the name of Aspirin, though in some countries Aspirin is no-longer holds trademark and has become a generic term for ASA. Synthesis The method of synthesis today involves the reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst such as sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid to give the products ASA and acetic acid. The process is a form of esterification reaction and thus is reversible. (Columbia.edu, n.d.) Method Salicylic acid is placed into a conical flask along with acetic anhydride while inside a fume hood wearing goggles and gloves as acetic anhydride is an irritant and the vapour is harmful is inhaled or reaches the eyes. The acid should then be added in a small quantity and the flask should be swirled to mix thoroughly. The mixture should then be warmed in a beaker of water for around 10 minutes to increase the rate of reaction. Alternatively the mixture could be refluxed over heat. The mixture can then be left to cool, and dried leaving an impure sample of ASA which can be purified. (Continue to Purification) Reaction Mechanism The oxygen atom of the phenol group initiates a nucleophilic attack on a carbon in a carbonyl bond of the acetic anhydride. As a result the oxygen of the phenol group becomes positively charged and the electrons forming the carbonyl bond in the acetic anhydride are pushed onto the oxygen of the bond and thus becomes negative. The bond between the hydrogen and oxygen in the phenol group breaks where the oxygen takes both electrons and becomes stable. The proton is ejected from the structure and the carbonyl bond then reforms as the oxygen delocalises the electrons it gained previously and becomes stable. (Carman, 2008) Purification The process of purification is relatively simple and is done by the process of hot and cold filtering. Distilled water should be added to the impure ASA crystals. Using the properties of ASA and the fact that it is soluble in hot water but virtually insoluble in cold water, any insoluble impurities can be removed by heating the mixture of water and ASA crystals to the point that the ASA crystals are just dissolved in the solution. This hot solution should then be filtered into a clean beaker. Any impurities which are insoluble are caught by the filter paper but the ASA which is soluble passes though. The hot filtered mixture should then be put into an ice bath to recrystallize it. When cold, using a Hirsch funnel, filter paper, a side arm flash, and a vacuum pump the mixture can be filtered once again. As the ASA will be crystalline it will be stopped by the filter paper and thus any soluble impurities are removed. What is left in the filter paper can be washed with distilled water and then dried. Providing the synthesising reaction was done to completion, the dried crystals should be a pure form of ASA or Aspirin. Method of Action of ASA As with many drugs which were developed early in the 20 century, the actual method that the drugs worked inside the body was not known. In the 1970’s a British Scientist Professor John Vane discovered that it blocked the enzyme Cyclooxygenase which is needed for the production of hormones related to the body’s natural inflammatory and pain responses. Vane won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for this work. (Aspirin-foundation.com, n.d.) One enzyme involved in inflammation is cyclooxygenase (COX). COX is responsible for the formation of a group of inflammatory mediators known as prostaglandins. COX activates a chemical known as thromboxane A2 that causes platelets to stick together to form a plug over the damaged area. The aggregation of platelets (plug), in concert with the clotting process, results in a fibrin clot which stops bleeding and aids repair of the blood vessel. Aspirin inhibits COX, in turn stopping the formation of prostaglandins; hence aspirin acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in this process. [In regards to thromboxane A2] thereby reducing the ability of platelets to aggregate. This is why aspirin is known as a ‘blood thinner’ or anti-platelet agent. (Aspree.org, n.d.) Side Effects As previously stated Aspirin inhibits COX which inhibits prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced by cells in the lining of the stomach and form majority of the barrier that protect the stomach wall from the concentrated Hydrochloric acid it contains. As a result ASA can result in stomach ulcers. Other side effects would likely to be irritation of the gut, indigestion and nausea. References Arias, J. (2014).Aspirin Synthesis. 1st ed. [eBook] pp.2-4. Available at: http://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/Exp 5 AspirinF11.pdf [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Aspirin-foundation.com, (n.d.).Aspirin Foundation What is Aspirin 100 Years of Aspirin. [Online] Available at: http://www.aspirin-foundation.com/what/100.html [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Aspree.org, (n.d.).How aspirin works. [Online] Available at: http://www.aspree.org/AUS/aspree-content/aspirin/how-aspirin-works.aspx [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Awtry, E. and Loscalzo, J. (2000). Aspirin.Circulation, [Online] 101(10), pp.1206-1218. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/101/10/1206.full [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Badd, C. and Perona, M. (1999).Synthesis of Aspirin. [Online] Wwwchem.csustan.edu. Available at: http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/consumer/aspirincons/aspirincons.htm [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Carman, S. (2008).Esterification: The Synthesis of Aspirin (ASA). 1st ed. [eBook] Available at: http://www.drcarman.info/kem220lb/01lab220.pdf [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Columbia.edu, (n.d.).Synthesis of Aspirin. [Online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/Aspirin.ppt [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Nordqvist, C. (2009).What Is Aspirin? What Is Aspirin For? [Online] Medical News Today. Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161255.php [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Scribd.com, (2009).Aspirin Synthesis and Analysis. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/13771504/Aspirin-Synthesis-and-Analysis [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Telow, S. (n.d.).Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) Synthesis. [Online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/4728996/Acetylsalicylic_Acid_Aspirin_Synthesis [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014]. Theuplbcollegestudent.blogspot.co.uk, (2011).College: Full Report: Synthesis of Aspirin. [Online] Available at: http://theuplbcollegestudent.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/full-report-synthesis-of-aspirin.html [Accessed 5 Jul. 2014].

Color Essays -- essays research papers

Color is sensed when white light bounces off an object and is reflected into the eye. Objects appear different colors depending on what colors were absorbed and which were reflected. Color is "seen" by the rods and cones in the eye. Cones detect color and rods detect black, white, and shades of gray. People who cannot see colors properly are colorblind. There are many different kinds of colors and they are classified in many different ways (The World Book Encyclopedia p 818, 819). The eye consists of many parts. The part of the eye you can see when you look at someone consists of four parts. The colored part of the eye where the light enters is called the iris. The white part around the iris is the conjunctiva and episclera. This part also contains blood vessels. The cornea is the clear covering of the iris and pupil. The cornea contains no blood vessels. The lens is located behind the iris. The lens is used to focus, as in the cornea, but the lens can move. The retina is responsible for telling the brain what a person is seeing. They determine all the different parts of what is being seen. It then codes them to electrical signals for the brain (Cassel p 4-10). Rods and cones are in the retina. There are three kinds of cones. Each cone can sense a different color. Rods are used when a person is in dim light (Hubel p 162). The optic nerve is what sends all these messages to the brain (Cassel p 261). Sometimes people have difficulty telling colors apart. This is called colorblindness (Webster's Dictionary, p 281). Sometimes colorblindness is hereditary. Other times there is a problem with the message reception from the optic nerve. Another problem can lie in the retina. People can have trouble recognizing colors because of certain drugs. People are diagnosed as being colorblind by taking tests. They look at different colored numbers that are in order by their color. This way they can be diagnosed as being colorblind in certain areas (Cassel p 52). A person can have different extents of colorblindness depending on what the problem is. A person can be colorblind because t... ...ht or white the colors will appear reversed. Red becomes green, and yellow becomes blue (The World Book Encyclopedia p 820, 819). A quote about afterimages was given by Johannes Ilten: "It has been psychologically proven that the afterimage as well as the simultaneous effect show the strange and so far inexplicable fact that our eye demands for a given color it's complementary completing and produces it on it's own if it is not provided" (Tritten p C43). Color is a product of many different things. We physically see color by the light hitting the retina and being absorbed by the rods and cones. Colors are distinguished by sorting them into categories. These could include tint, shade, tone, chroma, value, or hue. It could also be determined by whether a color is primary, secondary, intermediate, or complementary. The illusion of different colors can be created by the colors around a color or placing bits of color very close together as in a television. Afterimages create the opposite of colors. All color is a product of light. Without light, we would only be able to see in black and white (The World Book Encyclopedia p 818, 819, 822, 823).

Audit

Explain the impact of key court cases on the public accounting profession. 4. Describe auditor liability, discuss auditor responsibilities, identify possible auditor defences, and discuss possible remedies and sanctions available under both common law and statutory law. 5. Identify professional requirements that help assure audit quality and minimise auditor exposure to liability suits. 6. Describe defensive actions that audit firms can take to limit the effects of litigation on audit firms and individual auditors. 7.Apply the decision analysis and ethical decision-making frameworks to issues that could result in litigation. Teaching Suggestions Even though most audits are properly performed, a significant ppercentage of the gross revenue of public accounting firms is spent on professional liability insurance and litigation costs. Litigation costs and settlements caused Andersen, once the world’s largest public accounting firm, to declare bankruptcy. In today’s litigiou s environment, it is extremely important that auditors use due professional care to minimise such costs.Even when due professional care is exercised, the government, iinvestors, and clients may still sue auditors. This chapter discusses the legal environment and concepts related to audits, and approaches to minimising exposure to liability. It also looks at several key court cases and their impact on the profession. The challenge when teaching this material is to impart to sstudents a genuine understanding of the legal environment in which auditors operate without overwhelming them with material to memorise that they are unlikely to remember.This challenge is heightened by the need to stress the importance of ‘liability avoidance’ without leaving the impression that it is the major focus of the audit process. Begin by reviewing pertinent legal terminology. Then discuss the litigious climate for auditors and how that climate has changed over the past few decades. Reasons for the increase in litigation, often settled out of court include greed on the part of unscrupulous financial report users and preparers, ignorance and neglect on the part of auditors, and a volatile business climate characterised by numerous business failures.Public distrust adds to the problem. Stress the impact of litigation on the profession: (1) considerable resources expended to litigate, (2) some distrust and loss of credibility in the public accounting profession which is heightened by negative media coverage, (3) proliferation of new auditing standards, and (4) pressure from stock exchanges which has resulted in the establishment of audit committees and ‘comfort letters’ to underwriters. It is helpful to go over the concept of due care found in tort law.Ask sstudents how they view their liability if, as new employees, they are asked to complete a task that they do not feel qualified to do. Explain the imprecision of the ‘reasonable man’ concept a nd the problems that arise when ‘ordinary citizens’ sit on juries involving technical matters with which they are unfamiliar. The text outline can be followed when discussing the specific legal concepts that affect the auditing profession including the auditors’ liability to clients and third parties.

Why Soda Is Bad for Your Teeth

Why Soda Is Bad for Your Teeth Youve heard soda is bad for your teeth, but it is really true? If it is, why is it bad? Answer: Yes, soda damages your teeth. Drinking a carbonated beverage is actually one of the worst things you can do for your dental health. The reason is because the carbonation that makes soda bubbly also makes it extremely acidic. Many sodas also contain citric acid, which gives the drink a tangy flavor, but destroys teeth. Its a one-two punch with sweetened sodas, because the low pH attacks tooth enamel, while the sugar feeds bacteria that cause decay. Youre not off the hook drinking diet soda, because its mainly the acid in soda that harms teeth. How To Minimize Damage To Teeth From Soda The best way to minimize damage to your teeth from soda is to avoid drinking it. If you cant give it up, try to reduce how often you drink it and follow these tips: Avoid colas and regular orange soda. Regular, diet, or flavored cola is the most acidic. The one with the highest sugar content is regular orange soda. Consider testing a sweetened soda to see how much sugar it contains. The results may surprise you! Non-colas drinks are still terrible for your teeth because they contain higher levels of citric acid. The pH of these drinks may be higher, but citric acid binds to calcium and erodes enamel.Sip soda through a straw. Drinking through a straw minimizes the contact between teeth and the acidic drink.If you must drink soda, try to have it with food rather than by itself. Food helps regulate the pH inside your mouth, limiting the acid attack on teeth.Rinse your mouth with water after drinking soda. This will help neutralize the pH and reduce the level of sugar. Alternatively, eat a dairy food. Dairy products help remineralize tooth enamel. You could also chew on a crunchy vegetable or xylitol-containing gum. This helps clean teeth.Dont brush your teeth right after drinking a soda. It sounds like it would be a good idea, but it actually makes a bad situation worse because the mechanical action of the toothbrush erodes weakened enamel. Allow at least half an hour after drinking soda (or eating anything acidic, like citrus or sour candy) before grabbing the toothbrush. Switch to root beer. Genuine root beer contains natural carbonation, so it doesnt contain the same levels of destructive phosphoric acid or citric acid. You can test how bad soda is for your teeth. If you can get hold of teeth (they dont need to be human teeth), soak them in soda and watch how quickly the dissolve. An easier option is to soak chicken bones. Bones arent quite as hard as teeth, but are chemically similar. The acid strips calcium from teeth and bones. Bones are left rubbery because they contain a lot of collagen. Teeth dissolve almost completely.

Theories From the Preamble essays

Theories From the Preamble essays The Preamble to the Constitution of the United States is a declaration to the foundation of our nations political society. Although many individuals view the preamble as being a unique theory in and of itself, in fact it is anything but unique. The Preamble is actually a composite of several different political theories as developed by other philosophers and theorist and applied to the unique American experience. Several of these theories include Social Contract Theory, Deontological and Virtue Ethics. The Preamble of the United States Constitution is a single sentence that states: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Social Contract Theory is a political philosophy most often associated with the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Rousseau. To briefly summarize, the general theory is that social order (or nations) are created when people give up some of their rights to a government in exchange for social order. Accordingly, humans are taken out of the chaos of the state of nature by agreeing to submit themselves to the rule and authority of the government for their long-term best interest. In the Preamble of the Constitution, social contract theory can be seen throughout. For example, it is clearly stating that in exchange for a more perfect Union, Justice, domestic Tranquility, and to promote the general Welfare, among other things, the People of the United States hereby ordain and establish the Constitution. In other words, in order to live in an orderly society that protects the listed rights, the citizens of the United St...

Term Paper on What are the causes and effects of Rapid population Essay

Term Paper on What are the causes and effects of Rapid population growth in third world countries - Essay Example According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA 1999) the world population is expected to reach a total of 9.1 billion in 2050 and all of the growth will take place in the less developed countries. This means that there will be significant increases in the populations of countries of Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, parts of Asia and Eastern Europe. Overpopulation results from a lower death rate and a higher birth rate. One of the major causes of rapid population growth is attributed to the discoveries and improvements in science and technology. With the improvement in medical technology and the discoveries of vaccines, new medicines and the extinction of many childhood diseases, many persons have a longer life span and even if they are faced with multiple diseases medicines and foods have helped in the cure and the possibility of living longer. With the implementation of public health programs many governments have been instrumental in containing infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. More people have access to a cleaner, safer supply of drinking water. The population of most developing countries increases at two percent to four percent per year (Stanton, 2003). They hold eighty percent of the world’s population. The forty nine least developed countries in the world have the fastest growth rate. These cou ntries include Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali, Yemen, Malawi. The three projected possibilities indicate a large increase when compared with the population explosion of the 1950’s. It also shows an increasing trend that may continue to grow well beyond the year 2050. Many families in developing countries, although they have access to family planning advice and methods still prefer to have large families which may be due to traditional or religious reasons or a combination of

Effact of the government shot down in us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effact of the government shot down in us - Essay Example nment runs several archives, libraries, and museums, and when it shut down, services from these institutions were temporarily stopped or delimited (Field, Basken, and Howard par.2). As a result, students who needed information from these organizations were hindered from completing their assignments, or their projects/assignments suffered delays. Furthermore, students who rely on government-sponsored scholarships were somewhat affected. A week or more delays from a government shutdown delayed the release of funds for disadvantaged students on scholarship (Field, Basken, and Howard par.3). Finally, government-run educational institutions temporarily stopped working. Public military academies were the hardest hit because they primarily relied on government funding (Atteberry par.5-7). These students would have had their education put on hold, while their access to school services and resources were also hindered when they were closed because of the government shutdown (Atteberry par.10) . Thus, the government shutdown directly affected students in several ways. When a government shuts down, its research and educational organizations immediately experience stoppage in operations in the short run (in varying degrees) and are at risk of a complete closure too in the long run. Either way, the lives of many college students are changed in ways that they could not have anticipated. Thus, the U.S. government shutdown, if it lasted for more than two weeks, could have severely economically and socially impacted public institutions, including the educational sector. Atteberry, Emily. â€Å"5 Ways the Shutdown has Affected College Students.† USA Today, 3 Oct. 2013. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. . Field, Kelly, Basken, Paul, and Jennifer Howard. â€Å"How a Government Shutdown Would Affect Academe.† The Chronicle of Higher Education, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.

Ban on Smoking in Public Places Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ban on Smoking in Public Places - Essay Example If we know these products are bad for us why they are not regulated? They can lead to numerous types of cancers and eventually cause death. The dilemma of tobacco is mainly focused on minority groups, such as women and African Americans. Support and leadership is needed to shift the focus off of these groups. However, even though there have been actions to prevent people from smoking in public places, the people have learned to segregate themselves somewhere else. The government is not responding enough to the problems that need addressing relating to tobacco. The government and its citizens know the issues being raised with tobacco products, but they choose to ignore. Effects of Smoking A study carried out by Radzeviciene and Ostrauskas gives an overview about the relation of smoking and type II diabetes. It gives significant evidence that smoking is directly related to the disease. Similarly other studies also show that smoking has a profound effect on the incidence of diabetes pre vailing in this world. A research done by Wannamethee et al shows that cigarette smoking is directly related to diabetes even if the confounders are adjusted. On the other hand the author in the article also gives forward the fact that the exact underlying cause or relation of smoking with diabetes has yet not been confirmed. However he suggests that the nicotine in cigarette smoking is the main cause which causes insulin resistance and thus leads to diabetes mellitus in individuals. The author asserts that nicotine has a direct effect on the sympathetic nervous system because of which the heart rates, serum cholesterol is increased. Moreover glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity is impaired in the body by smoking. Eliasson et al in his research tells that smoking initially show the symptom of insulin resistance. And after some time the endothelial function is also impaired. Other toxic substances in cigarette smoke can also harm the individual's normal physiological state of bo dy and thus increase the stress on the body. This stress is a cause of diabetes mellitus in individuals (Radzeviciene & Ostrauskas 2009). Arguments for and against ban on smoking With the development in the world, the human mind has broadened its perspectives. The spread of knowledge has enabled a person to know how human beings have evolved as well as to understand their position and rights in the society. Gone are the times when people used to be suppressed by their powerful counterparts. With this evolution the recognition of the self and civil liberties have been understood. People have reached to levels where they believe that they possess complete control of their lives to an extent that they advocate euthanasia with an argument that they have the right to choose death over pain. In such a period the development of laws to ban personal activities can prove to be very offensive. This is the case with the proposal of ban on smoking in public places. The state has the right to cr eate laws for the betterment of its people but when these laws intrude the personal issues of a person, it can be a reason for argument. The state is chosen by the people to take care of their needs but by imposing bans in private issues, the state is actually interfering with matters that are beyond its scope of work and the opponents of this ban have very convincing thoughts regarding this issue. The prohibition of smoking in public

Wine War Essay Example for Free

Wine War Essay What changes in global industry and competitive dynamics led france and traditional producers to lose market share to challengers from Autrala, United States, and other New World countries in the late twentieth century? All over the ages, European countries were alone on the world wine market. They have a great heritage in production and are known and appreciated in all countries. They tried to exportat their products but they had faced problems ( like transportation which is extremely expensive and wine that don’t travel well). Also, producers tried to find solutions like new packages (glass bottles in the 18th century and early the 19th) but this was done outside a competition point of view. Unfortunately, the solutions found was not very elaborated and did not allow French wine to be largely spread in the foreign countries. They did not though that this non-satisfied demand in international countries would lead them in a â€Å"wine war†. Complex national and European Community legislations (taxes on exportations, little possibility to transform the wine and to create new excisting products around it, high cost of roduction ) added to the transportation problems did not allow French producers to satisfy the needs allover the world. Therefore, some countries began producing their own wine and also developed new processus and new technologies to produce, transport and market their product. Until today, United States, Australia, Chile and other countries manage to reach good ranking in sales and good reputation of their products. Their creativity, innovations and lower prices permit these â€Å"New world† producers to follow the demand and understand the new young generations’ and new wine-drinker-countries’ demand. During this time, countries such are France was struggling with legislation and continued to think people prefer French wine because of it’s quality and it’s long tradition. They just looked at the decreasing consumption of â€Å"classic†, â€Å"everyday wine†, without changing anything in their methods until few years ago. Where French producters never did anything to sell their wine, the new producers developed very good marketing strategies, and effective distribution systems. In the same time they also increased the quality of their wine and reached good opinion in wine drinker mind. The brand power that has been developed around these alcohol products allows international wine companies to defeat the French very high quality wine.

Shylock in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Essay

Shylock in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice contains an array of interesting and complex characters. From the alternately generous and grasping Antonio to the alternately love stricken and exploitative Bassanio to the vulnerable and manipulative Portia, this play has an abundance of multi-layered personalities. However, one of the most intriguing characters is also the most oft-vilified and minimized in the work. This character, Shylock, is certainly just as compelling as any of the aforementioned—if not more so, because he acts as the catalyst for the majority of the interesting sections of the play (i.e. The flesh pact, the court scene etcetera). It is certainly undemanding to simply label Shylock a stereotypical stock character: the greedy, vindictive and bloodthirsty villain. Surely, there are more than enough instances available to label him as such (1.3.38-49, 3.1.59-62), 3.1.372-375). However, there also exists another possible, yet neglected, description of Shylock's character: the aggrieved, marginalized and putupon minority. As the text repeatedly reminds us, Shylock is Jew; moreover, a Jew in a predominantly Christian Venice. He is an individual that is consistently attacked at every opportunity by supposedly goodly Christian characters (1.3.103-105, 108-110 , 2.8.15-17). It is to be expected that someone living in those peculiar circumstances would lash out when the chance eventually arises—in this case, Antonio is the target of the wrath. So, to those who would argue that Shylock is a mean-spirited, unforgiving and avaricious character, I would respond: of course he is. But he can also be seen as a distressed, violated and desperate ... ...ts to the inherent contradictions in the practices of Christians: that they prize their â€Å"humility†--that is, until they have a chance to revenge themselves on a Jew that has wronged them. These words have the color of a man well acquainted with the unfairness and unbalance of the system; that a Christian can pursue retribution against a Jew without consequence but when a Jew does exactly the same, he or she is further demonized. He then concludes that he will follow and then exceed the precedents set by his Christian counterparts by seeking revenge: â€Å"The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction† (66-67). Here, it is visible that Shylock has finally recognized his chance for a didactic display of revenge against his tormentors; he will finally show them how it feels to be powerless, to be fearful...to be victims.

Essay --

The way that each individual interprets, retrieves, and responds to the information in the world that surrounds you is known as perception. It is a personal way of creating opinions about others and ourselves in everyday life and being able to recognize it under various conditions. Each person’s perceptions are used as a kind of filter that every piece of information has to pass through before it determines the effect that it has or will have on the person from the stimulus. It is convincing to believe that we create multiple perceptions about different situations and objects each day. Perceptions reflect our opinions in many ways. The quality of a person’s perceptions is very important and can affect the response that is given through different situations. Perception is often deceived as reality. â€Å"Through perception, people process information inputs into responses involving feelings and action.† (Schermerhorn, et al.; p. 3). Perception can be influenced by a person’s personality, values, or experiences which, in turn, can play little role in reality. People make sense of the world that they perceive because the visual system makes practical explanations of the information that the eyes pick up. With each of our senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hear), information is transmitted to the brain. Psychologists find it problematic to explain the processes in which the physical energy that is received by the sense organs can form the foundation of perceptual experience. Perception is not a direct mirroring of stimulus, but a compound messy pattern dependent on the simultaneous activity of neurons. Sensory inputs are somehow converted into perceptions of laptops, music, flowers, food, and cars; into sights, sounds, smells, taste ... ...ory seems to be based on the perceivers working under the ideal circumstances, where stimulus information is plentiful and available for an appropriate length of time. Gregory’s constructivist theories have typically involved viewing under less than ideal conditions. We understand and see things not as they are, but as we are and see them to be. The world can be compared to an illusion by not always being able to see things as they are. It is the choice of the human brain whether to understand things. Naturally, each mind is different and is meant to perceive things differently. While growing up, our family, education, and experiences impact our mind and persuade each of our opinions and alter perceptions of everything we do. Our perception becomes the basis of our future. As we grow older, learn new ideas, and experience new things, our perception can be changed. â€Æ'

DBQ essay on Asoka Essay

Asoka was one of the greatest rulers of ancient India. He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha who established the first Indian empire. Chandragupta reigned for twenty-four years before relinquishing his throne in favor of his son, Bundusara (Asoka’s father), who left no noticeable mark upon the empire. My thesis would be that Asoka was an enlightened ruler and not a ruthless conqueror. The first reason why I think Asoka was an enlightened ruler and not a ruthless conqueror because in document C it states that â€Å"Asoka gave rich gifts to the poor.† With this being said this means that Asoka was caring to the poor and if he was a ruthless conqueror he would not have cared to do anything of that sort. This document would help answer the question â€Å"Asoka: Ruthless Conqueror or Enlightened Ruler?† because it says that in this document the Asoka had awoken to the Buddhist religion. The second reason why I think Asoka was an enlightened ruler and not a ruthless conqueror because in document E it states that â€Å"Today if a hundredth or a thousandth part of those people who were killed or died or were deported when Kalinga was annexed were to suffer†¦, it would weigh heavily on the mind of the Beloved of the Gods [Asoka].† With this being stated this means that Asoka was very sorry for taking over Kalinga and if it was to happen today he would to be able to forgive himself. This document would help answer the question â€Å"Asoka: Ruthless Conqueror or Enlightened Ruler?† because he is wanting forgiveness from the surviving Kalingans for what he did. My third and final reason why I think Asoka was an enlightened ruler and not a ruthless conqueror because in document F (which is a document of a person’s opinion named Jawaharlal Nehru) it states that â€Å"Asoka though an emperor, was greater than any king or emperors.† With this being said this means that Nehru thought highly of Asoka and was a kind, righteous, and good willing emperor. This document would help answer the question â€Å"Asoka:  Ruthless Conqueror or Enlightened Ruler?† because it shows that people in India thought highly of Emperor Asoka. My conclusion is that Asoka was an enlightened ruler and not a ruthless conqueror because if he was a ruthless conqueror he would not have been thought highly of people in India, he would not have cared to give riches to the poor, and he would not have been the Beloved of the Gods.